Hadi Prayitno
Direktur Eksekutif The Reform Initiative (TRI)
By the end of 2025, Indonesia faced a familiar but all-too-expensive reality: disasters are no longer an exceptional interruption to development plans; they have become a budgetary force majeure. The eruption of Mount Semeru in East Java, flash floods and landslides across western and northern Sumatra, and other natural hazards, effected thousands of people’s loss of life, mass displacement, and long-term economic disruption. Those vulnerabilities require a structural response in strategic policy and public budgeting.
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